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Simple future

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
A. In order to
1. Future tense “will”
a. To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.
Example= A: can you help me to do this home work?
B: of course, I will do it for you.

b. To offer to do something.
Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: don’t worry. I will lend you.

c. To assert an agreement to do something.
Example= A: you must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

d. To ask someone to do something.
Example= A: it’s very hot in my room.
B: certainly.

e. To predict event that will be happened
Example= A: will I pass the test next month?
B: don’t worry, you will pass.

f. To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now.
How old will I be next year?
B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
All people and animals in the world will die

2. Future tense “shall”
a. To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3. Future tense “be going to”
a. To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
I’m going to send it tonight.

b. To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
Example= A: The sky is very dark.
What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain

B. Time signal
1.Tomorrow…

 Morning

 Afternoon

 Evening

 Night

2. Next…

 Time

 Week

 Month

 Year

 January

3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

C. Formation of sentences
1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI
Example: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
She will give a present
Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”
b. Subject + be + going to + VI
Example:
I am going to play tennis
They are going to swim very fast
He is going to write a story

2. Negative (-)
a. Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example: I shan’t buy a shirt
He won’t clean the room
Note: shall not = shan’t
Will not = won’t
b. Subject + be not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present

3. Interrogative (?)
a. Shall/will + subject + VI ?
Example: will we play tennis?
b. Be + subject + going to + VI ?
Example: is she going to write a story?

FINITE VERB

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:
The bear caught a salmon in the stream.
Who ate the pie?
Stop!

A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example:
The finite verbs are the underlined words.
The Crow and the Fox
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.

NEWS ITEM

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:

Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using Simple Past Tense
Use of Material Processes to retell the event
Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
Focus on Circumstances
Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Modals in the past form

Modals
present Past
can could
will would
shall should
may might

1. Could + Verb base

to offer suggestions or possibilities Example: Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.

to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base

for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

to express polite requests

Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base

to give definite advice (advisability)

Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

to express the subject’s obligation or duty:

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base

to tell possibilities

Example: David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

To express polite requests

Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

PASSIVE VOICE (PASSIVE SENTENCE)

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
 The boy are listening to a story.
The story was being told by grandfather.
 Snow white eats a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white
 Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white
 Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white
 Snow white ate a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white
 Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white
 Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white
 Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white
 Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white
 Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation

Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Expressing gratitude:

 I should like to express my gratitude
 Thank you very much
 Thanks for your help
 How can I thank you?
 I’m very grateful to you
 I can’t thank you enough
 I’m very much obliged to you.

Responding:

 It was the least I could do
 You’re welcome
 No big deal
 Don’t mention it
 It’s a pleasure
 That’s all right
 Any time

Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:

 Good grade!
 Nice work
 Excellent!
 Good job!
 You look great
 What a nice t-shirt
 I really must express my admiration for your dance

 You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:

 I must congratulate you
 Please accept my warmest congratulations
 I’d like to be first to congratulate you
 Congratulations on your success
 Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!

Surprises and Disbeliefs

Expression surprise is expression which someone when get a surprise.
Surprise can have valence. It can be neutral expression, pleasant or accordingly some would not categories surprise in itself as an emotion or every human.
Expressing surprise
• Here are some other expressions to show surprise.
Telling surprising news
 Guess what!
 Surprise!
 I’ve got news, for you
 Do you know what?
 You won’t believe it!
Expressing surprise :
 Wow! What a surprise!
 That’s a surprise!
 That’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say it surprises me.
 I find it hard to believe
Responding:
 Yeah!
 It is!
 Yup!
 Sure.
 It’s true.
 I’m serious.
 No, I’m not.
 It is.
 Does it?
 It is, isn’t it?
Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason.
Expressing disbelief
• Here are some sentences to express disbelief.
Asking if you believe it or not.
 Do you believe it?
 Wouldn’t you believe it?
 Can you imagine that?
 You don’t believe it, do you?
 Don’t you think it’s odd that….?

Expressing disbelief:

 I don’t believe it.
 It can’t be true.
 I can’t think of it.
 I don’t trust you.

Responding to believe or not :

 No, I don’t believe it.
 Are you serious?
 Are you joking?
 Are you kidding?
 You must be joking/kidding!
 Oh, no! that’s not true!
 You don’t say!
 Seeing is believing.
 Really? That sounds interesting.
 Really? It’s surprising that.
 Good heavens
 My goodness!
 This is really a surprise!

Example conversation of expression surprise:
Nopli : Whose motorbike is that?
Dios : It’s Norman’s.
Nopli : Are you kidding me?
Dios : No, I’m not. I saw her riding that motorbike this morning.
Nopli : What a surprise!
Example conversation of expression
Hari : Do you still remember the girl we met yesterday?
Yati : Yes.
Hari : I can’t believe my eyes when I saw her riding a sport car this mornin
Yati : A sport car?
Hari : Yes. She looked gorgeous!
Yati: I don’t believe you. You must be dreaming.

PREPOSITIONS IN, ON, AT.

A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method.
 Preposition in usage with periods of times and places.
Examples:
• Months = in April
• Seasons = in winter
• Country = in Greece
• City or town names = in New York
• Times of the day = in the morning, afternoon, or evening.
Exception: at noon, at night
 Preposition on usage with specific days.
Examples: on Friday, on New Year’s Day, on April 16
Note: American English = ‘on the weekend’ or on ‘weekends’
 Preposition at usage with specific times and specific places.
Examples: at 7 o’clock, at 6.15, at night, at school
Note: British English = ‘at the weekend’ or ‘at weekends’

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Simple future

FINITE VERB

NEWS ITEM

Modals in the past form

PASSIVE VOICE (PASSIVE SENTENCE)

Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation

Surprises and Disbeliefs

PREPOSITIONS IN, ON, AT.

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